Fluid flow distribution device

ABSTRACT

In a first membrane filtration module comprises a membrane module comprising a plurality of permeable hollow membranes; a fluid distribution device adapted to removably surround at least a portion of the membranes of the membrane module, the fluid distribution device comprising a plurality of through-hole openings for distributing a fluid, and the fluid distribution device adapted to distribute a flow of fluid along a surface of the permeable hollow membranes. In a second membrane filtration device comprises a membrane module comprising a plurality of permeable hollow membranes, each of the permeable hollow membranes having a surface; and a gas distribution device: adapted to distribute gas bubbles to the surface of the permeable hollow membrane, adapted to removably surround at least a portion of the plurality of permeable hollow membranes, and defining a plurality of through openings for distributing the gas bubbles to the membranes.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims benefit, under 35 U.S.C. § 120(a), of Australian Provisional Application Serial No. 2010901864, filed 30 Apr. 2010, the entire contents and substance of which are hereby incorporated by reference as if fully set forth below.

BACKGROUND

1. Field

Embodiments of the present invention relate to membrane filtration systems and, more particularly, to an improved cleaning method and apparatus for such systems.

2. Description of Related Art

The use of membrane filtration systems is rapidly growing. The success of such systems largely depends on employing effective and efficient membrane cleaning methods. Commonly used physical cleaning methods include backwash (e.g., back pulse, back flush) using liquid permeate or a gas, and membrane scrubbing or scouring using a gas in the form of bubbles in a liquid. Examples of this second type of method are generally described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,192,456 to Ishida et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 5,248,424 to Cote et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 5,639,373 to Henshaw et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 5,783,083 to Henshaw et al.; and International Patent Application Publication Nos. WO98/28066 and WO00/18498 (assigned to the Applicant).

These conventional methods use a variety of techniques to introduce gas bubbles into the membrane arrays to produce effective and efficient surface cleaning Effective cleaning can be achieved by introducing bubbles into the array in a uniform manner—as much as possible to produce efficient cleaning of the membrane surfaces.

Some filtration systems include a bundle of fibre membranes mounted in a generally vertical orientation between spaced upper and lower headers with bubbles flowing from below the lower header or formed by flowing gas or a gas/liquid mixture through openings in the lower header. A filtration system of this variety is illustrated in FIG. 1.

The use of openings in the lower header complicates the potting process of fibres in the lower header and can lead to breakage of the fibres in the region of the openings, as well as limitations on the packing density of the fibres within the header.

SUMMARY

Briefly described, embodiments of the present invention relate to an improved method and apparatus for flowing fluid to or from a membrane module that overcomes, or at least ameliorates, one or more of the disadvantages of the prior art or at least provides a useful alternative.

According to a first aspect, embodiments of the present invention provide a membrane filtration module comprising a fluid distribution device for distributing a flow of fluid along the surfaces of permeable hollow membranes located in the membrane module. The fluid distribution device can be adapted to removably surround at least a portion of the membranes, and define a number of through openings for distributing the fluid.

According to another aspect, embodiments of the present invention provide a membrane filtration device comprising a gas distribution device for distributing gas in the form of bubbles to the surfaces of permeable hollow membranes located in the membrane module. The gas distribution device can be adapted to removably surround at least a portion of the membranes, and define a number of through openings for distributing the gas bubbles to the membranes.

According to yet another aspect, embodiments of the present invention provide a method of distributing a fluid flowing along the surfaces of permeable hollow membranes located in the membrane module. The fluid flow can be distributed by a fluid distribution device adapted to removably surround at least a portion of the membranes and define a number of through openings for distributing the fluid.

According to another aspect, embodiments of the present invention provide a filtration system for removing fine solids from a liquid suspension comprising: a vessel for containing the liquid suspension; a plurality of permeable, hollow membranes positioned within the vessel; means for providing a pressure differential across walls of the membranes, such that some of the liquid suspension can pass through the walls of the membranes to be drawn off as permeate; means for withdrawing permeate from the membranes; and a fluid distribution device for distributing a flow of fluid along the surfaces of the permeable, hollow membranes, wherein the fluid distribution device is adapted to removably surround at least a portion of the membranes and is provided with a number of through openings for distributing the fluid.

According to another aspect, embodiments of the present invention provide a filtration system for removing fine solids from a liquid suspension comprising: a vessel for containing the liquid suspension; a plurality of permeable, hollow membranes positioned within the vessel; means for providing a pressure differential across walls of the membranes, such that some of the liquid suspension can pass through the walls of the membranes to be drawn off as permeate; means for withdrawing permeate from the membranes; and a gas distribution device for distributing gas in the form of bubbles to the surfaces of the permeable hollow membranes, wherein the gas distribution device is adapted to removably surround at least a portion of the membranes, the device being provided with a number of through openings for distributing the gas bubbles to the membranes.

In some embodiments, the permeable hollow membranes can be arranged in an elongate bundle and the fluid distribution device extends circumferentially around a portion of the bundle. For example and not limitation, the bundle of membranes extends between approximately vertical spaced upper and lower headers and the fluid distribution device extends around a portion of the bundle at or adjacent the lower header. In some embodiments, the membranes are hollow fibre membranes.

The fluid distribution device can have a ring-like configuration and the defined through openings can be evenly spaced along the circumference of the ring. In some embodiments, the fluid distribution device can be formed from two or more detachable interengaging components. For example, the fluid distribution device is formed of a pair of semicircular components. The fluid distribution device can be a clip.

According to another aspect, embodiments of the present invention provide a membrane filtration module including a number of membranes extending between spaced headers. The headers can be retained in respective first and second end housings. The end housings can incorporate means that are adapted to allow anchoring of the first and second end housings against longitudinal movement along the longitudinal axis of the module. The means can be adapted to allow anchoring comprising first and second spaced apart ridges encircling the periphery of the end housings engageable against respective opposed shoulders of an encircling clip. In addition, a first of the opposed shoulders can be mechanically supported against a sleeve member, which is mechanically supported on a header member. Also, a second of the opposed shoulders can be mechanically urged against a first end of a slidable cup member, which is sealingly slidable over the end housings and is urged into sealing engagement with the header member, wherein the clip forms a fluid distribution device with a number of through openings arranged to provide an uniform distribution of fluid flow through the device.

Further features of embodiments of the present invention, and the advantages offered thereby, are explained in greater detail hereinafter with reference to specific embodiments illustrated in the accompanying drawings, wherein like elements are indicated by like reference designators.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 illustrates a simplified schematic side elevation view of a prior art module using aeration through the lower header.

FIG. 2 illustrates a simplified schematic side elevation view similar to that of FIG. 1 illustrating a side aeration method, in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 3 illustrates a simplified schematic side elevation view of a feed manifold arrangement, in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 4 illustrates an perspective view of a base portion of a pressurized module and a clip arrangement used therein to support the module, in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 5A illustrates an isometric view of a portion of the clip, in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 5B illustrates a plan view of the clip of FIG. 5A, in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 5C illustrates a cross-sectional view taken along lines A-A of FIG. 5B, in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 6 illustrates a graphical representation of a transmembrane pressure profile for bottom entry aeration configuration of the module and the side aeration configuration of the module, in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

To facilitate an understanding of the principles and features of embodiments of the invention, they are explained hereinafter with reference to their implementation in an illustrative embodiment. In particular, embodiments of the present invention are described in the context of being membrane filtration systems. More particularly, embodiments of the present invention are described in the context of an improved cleaning method and apparatus for such systems.

Embodiments of the present invention, however, are not limited to its use as a membrane filtration system. Rather, embodiments of the invention can be used wherever a filtration system is needed or desired. Thus, the membrane filtration system described hereinafter for use to filter media in a fluid, such as water, can also find utility for filtering other items.

Additionally, the materials and components described hereinafter as making up the various elements of the protection system are intended to be illustrative and not restrictive. Many suitable materials and components that would perform the same or a similar function as the materials and components described herein are intended to be embraced within the scope of the invention. Such other materials and components not described herein can include, but are not limited to, materials and/or components that are developed after the time of the development of embodiments of the present invention, for example.

Referring now in detail to the figures, wherein like reference numerals represent like parts throughout the several views, FIG. 1 illustrates a conventional aeration method.

As shown in FIG. 1, a module 10 comprises a lower header 12, where one end of the membrane fibres forming the module 10 is potted. The fibres are typically arranged in a bundle 14 when potted. The lower header 12 can have a number of evenly distributed through-holes 16 extending therethrough from its base 18 to its upper surface 20 for provision of gas, for example air, into the base of the fibre bundle 14. The lower header 12 is in fluid communication and connected to a manifold 22, which supplies the gas to the lower openings of through-holes 16. In use, the module 10 can be immersed in feed liquid contained in a feed vessel 24 and the gas flows into the manifold 22 and upwardly through the holes 16 to form gas bubbles within the fibre bundle 14 to scour and clean the surfaces of the membranes.

This conventional aeration method—while efficient in providing a desired flow of bubbles within the fibre bundle—has a number of disadvantages. The need to define holes in the lower header complicates the potting process by requiring the formation of the holes and distribution of the fibres between the holes. Further, the holes make the use of double ended withdrawal of permeate from the membranes difficult. Also, once formed, the size and configuration of the holes cannot be easily changed without replacing the entire module. The holes also occupy space within the lower header leading to a reduction in the available possible packing density of fibres.

FIG. 2 shows a simplified diagram of an exemplary embodiment of the present invention. A module 100 is similar in design to that shown FIG. 1, but, in this case, the scouring gas is distributed along the sides of the fibre bundle 104 by an externally mounted aeration distribution device 106 that can be positioned near or at the base of the module 100. In an exemplary embodiment, this distribution device 106 comprises a clip 108, which may be formed in two parts to fit around the fibre bundle 104, although other configurations of the aeration distribution device 106 may be used, including those having a single part or number of parts. In this embodiment, a gas or a gas bubble liquid mixture can be provided below the distribution device 106 and the distribution device 106 can direct the gas or mixture of gas bubbles and liquid evenly around or about the sides of the membrane bundle 104 to provide cleaning of the membrane surfaces.

The gas distribution method and device of embodiments of the present invention may be employed in both pressurized and submerged (non-pressurized) membrane filtration systems.

An exemplary embodiment of the present invention employed in a pressurized filtration system will now be described. FIGS. 3-4 illustrate an exemplary arrangement of the distribution device. In this exemplary embodiment, the device used for gas distribution may also be used to support the module 100 within the pressurised vessel casing.

As shown in FIG. 3, the module 100 can include a lower permeate collection chamber 120 that is in fluid communication with the membrane ends potted in the lower header 110. The module 100 is located within a pressure housing 130 that can be fluidly connected to a feed supply manifold 140. The base of the housing 130 defines openings 132 to allow flow of feed liquid into the housing 130 and around the membranes in the bundle 104. The aeration distribution device 106 is located near the base 131 of the membrane bundle 104 and fits between the bundle 104 and the inner wall of the housing 130. Scouring or cleaning gas can be supplied into the feed supply manifold through a gas supply tube 150. The gas is supplied through openings in the tube 150 into the feed liquid to form bubbles that flow upwardly through the supply manifold 140 and through openings 132 into the housing 130. The bubbles can then continue upwardly through the distribution device 106 and along the outer surface of the membrane bundle 104, so as to remove accumulated solids from the surface of the membranes by scouring and agitating the membranes within the bundle 104.

Further detail of the configuration and mounting of the aeration distribution device is illustrated in the perspective view of FIG. 4. In some embodiments, the membrane bundle 104 is adapted to be replaced by a sideways movement of the filter cartridge containing the bundle 104 and its associated enclosing assembly, whereby the upper and lower header assemblies need not be disturbed or dismantled.

The components of the filtration module illustrated in the embodiment of FIG. 4 are a bundle of microporous hollow fibres 104 terminating in opposing ends 202. One end of the bundle is potted in the lower header 110. The lower header 110 can be encased in an end piece or cap 204 that serves as a former for the header during manufacturing and serves to provide external working surfaces that are used to support the fibre bundle 104 in use, so that it can resist both the extending forces encountered during normal filtration and the compressive forces encountered during backwash.

The end piece or cap 204 defines a pair of grooves 206, 208 for receiving O-rings that can form a slidable seal against an inner surface of connecting flange 214 of filtrate cup or housing 220. The structure of the connecting flange 214 can be such that the filtrate cup 220 can slide upwardly onto the end piece 204—when annular clip 106 forming the aeration distribution device is removed—to the extent that the upper end of the filtrate cup 220 clears (e.g., it entirely clears) internal skirt or flange of the manifold 222.

A connecting sleeve 230 further includes shoulder portions 232, 234 located on an inner surface. The shoulder portions 232, 234 are adapted to engage the circular clip 106 forming the aeration distribution device, whereby supporting pressure is applied by means of the clip 106 to one of an opposed shoulders 240 defining the groove 242 in the cap 204 when the connecting sleeve 230 is in sealed, mating relationship with the manifold 222. As a result, the cap 204 can be mechanically supported against motion along the longitudinal axis of the membrane bundle in a first direction, while the other of the opposed shoulders 244 defining the groove 242 in the cap 204 is mechanically supported against an opposed surface of the clip 106 that, in turn, is mechanically urged against a lower rim portion of the slideable cap 204 thereby urging the slideable cap 204 to an extended position with respect to the bundle 104.

As with the operation of the arrangement shown in FIG. 3, in use, feed liquid can flow through the feed supply manifold 140 and upwardly through the distribution device 106 and along the sides of the membrane bundle 104 contained within the pressure housing 130. Permeate can be withdrawn through the lower header 110 and collected in the filtrate cup 220. When gas scouring or cleaning is desired, gas can be fed into the feed supply manifold 140 and the gas bubbles formed flow upwardly through and are uniformly distributed around the membrane bundle 104 by the distribution device 106.

In an exemplary embodiment, a method of removing the clip 106 includes disengaging and sliding downwardly the outer sleeve 230 to the extent that the sleeve 230 is drawn below the level of the clip 106. The clip 106 can comprise two halves permitting the clip 106 to be disengaged from the groove 242 in the end piece 204 in which it normally resides, thereby allowing the filtrate cup 220 to be drawn downwardly, as described above.

When these clearing actions are performed on the filtrate cup 220, the clip 106 and the outer sleeve 230 located at both ends of the module 100, then the entire module 100 complete with casing and sleeves can slide sideways with respect to its longitudinal axis, so as to be lifted clear of the header assemblies without disturbing the header assemblies. A reverse process can be followed to replace the filter module and filter module assembly.

While this arrangement can be used with single ended filter cartridges it may be more useful with the double ended opposed header arrangements shown, where it is commonly more difficult, or in some cases not possible, to remove the filter cartridge without disturbing the header assemblies without compacting the filter cartridge and filter cartridge assembly in some manner along their longitudinal axes.

As best shown in FIG. 5A-5C, the aeration distribution device can comprise a pair of semi-circular clip portions 106 a. Each free end of the clip portion 106 a is provided with a respective locking protrusion 300 and 302 extending in the plane of the inner circumferential surface 304 of the clip portion 106 a. One locking protrusion 300 extends in the plane of the upper surface of the clip portion 106 a, while other protrusion 302 extends in the plane of the lower surface of the clip portion 106 a with each protrusion having a width approximately half the width of the clip portion 106 a. In use, a pair of the clip portions 106 a can be fitted together with overlapping engagement of the associated locking portions 300 and 302 to form a circular clip 106 when located with the groove 242 of the end cap 204.

Each clip portion 106 a, as probably best shown in FIG. 5C, can include a series of circumferentially spaced reduced width regions 306 provided generally equidistant along the length of the clip portion 106 a. In some embodiments, the reduced width regions can be generally rectangular in shape, when viewed in plan, and separated from each other by a radially extending ridge 308. Each of these reduced width portions 306 defines a through opening or hole 310 formed in its base portion 312. Still referring to FIG. 5C, the base portion 312 can be centrally located between the upper and lower edges of the clip portion 106 a. The number and size of the holes 310 can vary, as it may be determined by the required gas distribution and flow needed to provide efficient and uniform cleaning of the membranes in the module.

Conventional systems without an aeration distribution device where gas is provided below the module tend to produce a flow of bubbles that have a distribution favoring the path of least resistance. In other words, the bubbles tend to flow directly upward from the source of gas, unless some form of distribution device is provided to distribute and equalize the flow around the periphery of the membrane bundle to provide a uniform flow of bubbles to the whole surface of the membrane bundle.

This problem with conventional systems is further exacerbated in arrangements where a number of membrane modules are aerated from a common source of gas. In such cases, when one module becomes fouled before another, the gas flow can favor the less fouled module leading to reduced bubble flow in the fouled module and thus further increased fouling.

Embodiments of the present invention overcome this problem of conventional systems, and others, by equalizing the flow of gas between and around the modules.

The use of a removable aeration distribution device enables older style systems, where appropriate, to be retrofitted with embodiments of the present invention, while also allowing easy adjustment and optimization of the gas distribution profile of any particular module installation. In other words, aeration distribution devices having varying hole sizes and positions may be used to optimize the operation of the cleaning process for a particular module configuration.

The use of the distribution device with openings that restrict and distribute fluid flow therethrough has also been found to provide a further advantage when draining the module following a backwash or cleaning process. Typically, the liquid containing the solids dislodged during a backwashing and/or scouring process is periodically removed by a drain down of the feed vessel or module. As this drain down impinges on the filtration process time of the system, it is desirable to minimize the time taken for a drain down. Accordingly, the drain down usually results in a rapid flow of liquid from the module. A rapid and unevenly distributed liquid flow can result in undue stress being placed on the membrane portions located near the discharge region for the waste flow. The use of a distribution device according to embodiments of the invention ameliorates this problem by restricting and distributing the flow evenly amongst the membranes resulting in the less chance of damage to the membranes.

The use of the distribution device according to embodiments of the invention may result in a decrease in the aeration discharge backpressure. The backpressure experienced in the side aeration method described above is the static head of liquid level present during the scouring or cleaning process; with a bottom aeration configuration, however, where gas is supplied through holes in the lower header, the aeration must overcome both the static head pressure of the liquid level as well as the backpressure resulting from the fibres in the lower header hindering the gas flow from the holes.

The arrangement described also provides support for the end cap 204 in both an upward and a downward longitudinal direction whereby the end cap 204 (and hence the opposed ends 202) of the fibre bundle resist the compressive forces exerted during backwash and extensive forces exerted during normal filtration. This support is provided without the necessity of using any form of internal stiffening integral to the membrane module itself. Rather the mechanical support is provided by reliance on the module casing and associated header assemblies.

FIG. 6 illustrates a graphical representation comparing the performance of different aeration entry configurations by comparison of transmembrane pressure (TMP) profiles. While it is clear that the use of aeration within the fibre bundle provides a lower overall TMP profile, each profile shows a stable and comparable performance over time. Accordingly, embodiments of the present invention provide adequate performance while ameliorating a number of the disadvantages of the aeration configuration using aeration entry through the lower header.

It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the aeration distribution device according to the invention is not limited to the particular configurations described above and a number of variations in shape, size and construction are possible.

It will also be appreciated that further embodiments and exemplifications of the invention are possible without departing from the scope or spirit of the invention described. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A filtration module comprising: a membrane module having a plurality of permeable hollow membranes vertically extending between an upper header and a lower header; an end cap encasing the lower header and including a groove defined by a pair of cap shoulders; a feed supply manifold positioned below the lower header and configured to deliver a feed to the permeable hollow membranes; a gas supply device positioned below the lower header and configured to deliver a gas to the permeable hollow membranes; a fluid distribution device configured and positioned around the plurality of permeable hollow membranes to equalize and uniformly distribute the feed and the gas upwardly to and along surfaces of the permeable hollow membranes and restrict and distribute a waste fluid flow downwardly, the fluid distribution device including an inner surface disposed in the groove, the fluid distribution device surrounding a portion of the membranes and including a plurality of circumferentially spaced recesses separated from one another by radially extending ridges spanning an entire width of the fluid distribution device, each of the recesses defining a single through-hole opening formed in and surrounded by a reduced-width base region of each of the recesses, each of the single through-hole openings centrally located in the reduced-width base region, each of the single through-hole openings, configured to distribute a fluid along surfaces of the permeable hollow membranes; and a connecting sleeve including a sleeve shoulder defined on an inner surface thereof, the sleeve shoulder engaging an upper surface of the fluid distribution device, the connecting sleeve further including a bottom portion sealed with the feed supply manifold.
 2. The filtration module of claim 1, wherein the fluid distribution device includes at least two detachable inter-engaging components.
 3. The filtration module of claim 2, wherein the fluid distribution device includes a pair of semi-circular inter-engaging components.
 4. The filtration module of claim 3, wherein the fluid distribution device supports the membrane module within a vessel casing of the filtration module.
 5. A filtration module comprising: a membrane module having a plurality of permeable hollow membranes; a fluid distribution device surrounding a portion of the membrane module, the fluid distribution device including a plurality of circumferentially spaced recesses separated from one another by radially extending ridges spanning an entire width of the fluid distribution device, each of the recesses defining a single through-hole opening formed in and surrounded by a reduced-width base region of each of the recesses, each of the single through-hole openings centrally located in the reduced-width base region, each of the single through-hole openings configured to equalize and uniformly distribute a fluid along surfaces of the permeable hollow membranes and restrict and distribute a waste fluid flow downwardly.
 6. The filtration module of claim 5, wherein the filtration module further includes an end cap encasing a lower header in which lower ends of the membranes are potted, and wherein the fluid distribution device includes an inner surface engaged with a groove formed in the end cap.
 7. The filtration module of claim 6, wherein the filtration module further includes a connecting sleeve surrounding the end cap and extending between a feed supply manifold and a housing of the filtration module, the connecting sleeve having a shoulder defined on an inner surface, the shoulder engaged with an upper surface of the fluid distribution device.
 8. The filtration module of claim 7, wherein the fluid distribution device includes a plurality of detachable inter-engaging components.
 9. The filtration module of claim 7, wherein the fluid distribution device includes a pair of semi-circular inter-engaging components.
 10. The filtration module of claim 9, wherein the fluid distribution device mechanically supports the end cap in the filtration module against motion along a longitudinal axis of the membrane module.
 11. A filtration system comprising: a vessel; a membrane module including a plurality of permeable hollow membranes positioned within the vessel; a first system configured to provide a pressure differential across walls of the membranes; a second system configured to withdraw permeate from the membranes; and a fluid distribution device surrounding a portion of the membrane module, the fluid distribution device including a plurality of circumferentially spaced recesses separated from one another by radially extending ridges spanning an entire width of the fluid distribution device, each of the recesses defining a single through-hole opening formed in and surrounded by a reduced-width base region of each of the recesses, each of the single through-hole openings centrally located in the reduced-width base region, each of the single through-hole openings configured to equalize and uniformly distribute a fluid along surfaces of the permeable hollow membranes and restrict and distribute a waste fluid flow downwardly.
 12. The filtration system of claim 11, wherein the fluid distribution device comprises an aeration distribution system mounted externally from the plurality of permeable hollow membranes.
 13. The filtration module of claim 12, wherein the filtration system further includes an end cap encasing a lower header in which lower ends of the membranes are potted, and wherein the fluid distribution device includes an inner surface engaged with a groove formed in the end cap.
 14. The filtration module of claim 13, wherein filtration system further includes a connecting sleeve surrounding the end cap and extending between a feed supply manifold and a housing of the filtration system, the connecting sleeve having a shoulder defined on an inner surface thereof, the shoulder engaged with an upper surface of the fluid distribution device.
 15. A filtration system comprising: at least one filtration module having a plurality of permeable hollow membranes vertically extending between an upper header a lower header and disposed in a vessel, the module having: an end cap encasing the lower header; a fluid distribution device engaged with the end cap, the fluid distribution device surrounding a portion of the membranes and positioned and configured to uniformly direct liquid feed from a liquid feed supply manifold and gas from a gas supply device upwardly to contact surfaces of the plurality of permeable hollow membranes, and restrict and distribute a waste fluid flow downwardly, and including a plurality of circumferentially spaced recesses separated from one another by radially extending ridges spanning an entire width of the fluid distribution device, each recess defining a single through-hole opening formed in and surrounded by a reduced-width base region of each of the recesses, each of the single through-hole openings centrally located in the reduced-width base region, each of the single through-hole openings configured to distribute a fluid along surfaces of the permeable hollow membranes; and a connecting sleeve engaged with the fluid distribution device, the connecting sleeve surrounding the end cap and coupling a lower manifold of the filtration system to a housing surrounding the at least one filtration module.
 16. The filtration system of claim 15, wherein the fluid distribution device includes at least two detachable inter-engaging components.
 17. The filtration module of claim 15, wherein the fluid distribution device mechanically supports the end cap against motion along a longitudinal axis of the filtration module.
 18. The filtration module of claim 15, wherein the fluid distribution device urges the end cap to an extended position with respect to the at least one filtration module.
 19. The filtration module of claim 1, wherein the fluid distribution device is positioned above the lower header.
 20. The filtration module of claim 5, wherein each reduced-width base region is generally rectangular in shape. 